Measurement and self-adjoint operators

The approximations of classical mechanics resulting from quantum mechanics are richer than a correspondence of classical dynamical variables with self-adjoint Hilbert space operators. Assertion that classical dynamic variables correspond to self-adjoint Hilbert space operators is disputable and sets unnatural limits on quantum mechanics. Well known examples of classical dynamical variables not associated with self-adjoint Hilbert space operators are discussed as a motivation for the realizations of quantum field theory that lack Hermitian field operators but exhibit interaction.Comment: 17 page

Developing an International Engineering Experience for Undergraduate Students at a Small Institution

This paper outlines the development of a new international engineering program at Valparaiso University. The Valparaiso University International Engineering Program (VIEP) is a five-year program that combines a major in one of four engineering fields with a major or minor in a foreign language. It also includes year-long residency in Germany. German was chosen as the first component of the program because of the university’s German heritage and the abundance of German-related resources readily available through the university. The program allows students to gain a multi-cultural experience and German language proficiency along with technical engineering skills, and prepares them for careers in the international marketplace either in the U.S. or abroad. The current status of the program is also detailed along with the advantages and challenges of creating such a program at a small, primarily liberal-arts institution

Disability Self-Assessment and Upper Quarter Muscle Balance in Females

Background and Purpose. This study compared upper quarter muscle balance of working female dental hygienists and non-dental hygiene females who had no history of upper quarter pathology. The upper quarter was operationally defined as the shoulder and neck region; and muscle balance, as muscular flexibility and muscular performance. Muscular performance was operationally defined as a combination of strength and endurance. Subjects. The study group consisted of 41 working dental hygienists between the ages of 22 and 60 years with a mean age of 38 years. The control group consisted of 46 non-dental hygienists between the ages of 20 and 54 years with a mean age of 29 years. Methods.Passive muscular flexibility of the upper trapezius and levator scapula was measured using an inclinometer. Passive muscle length testing of the pectoralis major and minor was assessed using the Kendall Technique. Subjects were also instructed to maintain four different positions using isometric muscular contractions, each position representing a different group of scapular stabilizers. Muscle performance was measured by timing the duration, in seconds, of each of the four positions held. Additionally, all subjects filled out the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPNPQ). Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used during data analysis to adjust for the age difference between groups. Results. The results of this study suggest that female dental hygienists are more likely than non-dental hygiene females to develop tightness in the upper trapezius (p=0.007) and the levator scapula (p=0.01) of the non-dominant upper quarter. Muscle performance trends in the dental hygiene group for the serratus anterior position, upper trapezius and levator scapula position, and the pectoralis minor and lower trapezius position supported popular muscle balance theory that short muscles remain strong while lengthened muscles become weaker. Statistical significance was not achieved in any of the muscular performance measures because of high variability in the holding times for the testing positions. The dental hygiene group had higher totals in all nine parts of the NPNPQ (higher totals represent more pain complaints) compared to the non-dental hygiene group. Mean differences for five of these parts were statistically significant (p\u3c0.05). Conclusion and Discussion. The results of this study suggests that muscular imbalances in the upper quarter are more common in female dental hygienists than in female non-dental hygienists and may contribute to the numerous upper quarter pathologies associated with the profession of dental hygiene. Key Words: Dental hygiene, Over-use disorder, Muscle balance, Disabilit